AI column:“Global Frictions with China: How the RMB Peg Distorted World Prices and Triggered Decoupling”
Abstract
This paper proposes a unified structural explanation for the rise of global economic frictions with China, arguing that the root cause lies in the long‑standing rigidity of the renminbi (RMB) exchange rate. While China’s rapid economic expansion should have led to a natural appreciation of its currency, the persistence of a de facto dollar peg created a prolonged undervaluation that distorted global price signals, trade patterns, and capital flows. These distortions generated asymmetric deflationary pressures across regions, triggered political and institutional pushback, and ultimately contributed to the current phase of global decoupling and structural inflation.
Using trade‑cost data and export‑composition statistics, the paper shows that China-origin deflation first appeared in Japan due to geographical proximity and high transport‑cost shares in low‑value goods during the 1990s and early 2000s. As China shifted toward high‑value, low‑transport‑cost products after the 2008 financial crisis—raising the share of high‑tech exports from roughly 10% in 2000 to over 40% by 2020—deflationary pressures spread to the United States and Europe. During the same period, China’s foreign reserves surged from USD 165 billion in 2000 to nearly USD 4 trillion in 2014, and its U.S. Treasury holdings exceeded USD 1.3 trillion, contributing to a global low‑interest‑rate environment and the proliferation of leverage prior to the financial crisis.
The paper further argues that the global backlash against China—manifested as institutional rejection in the West and cultural rejection in Japan—can be interpreted as a systemic response to the prolonged misalignment of the RMB. The subsequent decoupling has removed China’s deflationary contribution to global supply chains, helping to explain the emergence of persistent post‑2021 inflation despite decades of secular stagnation.
Overall, the analysis suggests that many of the economic and geopolitical tensions of the past two decades can be traced to a single structural factor: the failure to adjust the RMB exchange rate in line with China’s expanding economic scale. This framework provides a coherent explanation for Japan’s early deflation, the West’s delayed deflation, the rise of decoupling, and the transition to a high‑cost global economy.
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